“Children are not just given a self by their parents or culture; rather, they construct selves. As children develop, their self-understanding changes.”(Santrock, 2014)

Self-Understanding
Middle and Late Childhood
Adolescence
Understanding Others
Middle and Late Childhood
Adolescent
Self-Esteem
The global evaluative dimension of the self; also called self-worth or self-image. (Santrock, 2014)
The quality of parent-child interaction in infancy and early childhood lays the groundwork for self-esteem. As a result, if children have low self-esteem in middle and late childhood, they may have experienced neglect or abuse in their parent-child relationships earlier in development. Children with high self-esteem are more likely to have a secure attachment to their parents and parents who provide sensitive care.
(Thompson, 2011, 2013a, b, c, d)
Gender Differences in Self-Esteem
Self-Esteem in Social Context
Increasing Children’s Self-Esteem
A current problem is that too many of today's children and adolescents develop inflated self-esteem as a result of receiving meaningless praise while growing up. Too frequently, they receive accolades for inadequate or even bad performance. They may struggle to manage rivalry and criticism.
(Graham, 2005; Stipek, 2005)